Disclaimers:
- These charts are NOT meant to be taken as an absolute or definitive display of ethnic origins for modernday populations!
- Ethnic labels given by Europeans do NOT per se reflect how the slaves would have self-identified themselves! (see this article for more discussion)
- Take note of the sample size, time period, region and any other details given to familiarize yourself with the CONTEXT of the chart!
- Even if limited in scope, valuable information can still be obtained if you look for the patterns!
- Sorry for all the exclamation marks 😉 It’s just that i’ve seen these kind of charts being misinterpreted so many times, not only online but also by trained historians. Which is a shame really because misleading conclusions can easily be avoided if you just take these charts for what they are: a randomized subset of slaves who might provide us with extra clues about the ethnic composition of other slaves during a given time period and for a given place/region. All depending on how representative the samples might have been.
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General
Early Slave Trade Estimates (1500’s/1600’s) & Upper Guinean origins specified
For more details read “Shared Upper Guinean roots between Cape Verdeans and Latin Americans”
Taken from “The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census” (Curtin, 1969)
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THE AFRO-PORTUGUESE MARITIME WORLD AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF SPANISH CARIBBEAN SOCIETY, 1570-1640 (D. Wheat 2009)
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S. Buehnen – Samples of Upper Guinean slaves
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“The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589” (Toby Green, 2012).
***(click to enlarge)
“The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589” (Toby Green, 2012).
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Slave Trade Estimates (1700’s/1800’s)
For more details read “African origins of Hispanic Caribbeans according to DNA studies“s
Taken from “The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census” (Curtin, 1969)
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Taken from “The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census” (Curtin, 1969)
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Colombia
Early slave trade to Cartagena (1570’s-1630’s)
For more details read “Documented African Roots of Dominicans”
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THE AFRO-PORTUGUESE MARITIME WORLD AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF SPANISH CARIBBEAN SOCIETY, 1570-1640 (D. Wheat 2009)
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Cuba
African origins 1570-1610 & 1790-1880
For more details read “African origins of Hispanic Caribbeans according to DNA studies”
Havana and the Atlantic in the Sixteenth Century ( A. de la Fuente, 2008)
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Havana and the Atlantic in the Sixteenth Century ( A. de la Fuente, 2008)
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“The Cuban Slave Market, 1790-1880″ (Bergad et al., 1995)
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African origins captives onboard slave ship sailing from Cape Verde to Cuba (1572)
For more details read “Documented African Roots of Dominicans”
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A Luso-African Model for the Social History of the Spanish Caribbean, c. 1570-1640 (Wheat, 2010)
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Dominican Republic
African origins 1547-1606 & 1591-1821
For more details read “Documented African Roots of Dominicans”
“La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo: (1492-1844)” (Deive, 1980)
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“La esclavitud del negro en Santo Domingo: (1492-1844)” (Deive, 1980)
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Mexico
Taken from “The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census” (Curtin, 1969)
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Peru
Taken from “The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census” (Curtin, 1969)
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Puerto Rico
African origins 1500’s
For more details read “African origins of Hispanic Caribbeans according to DNA studies”
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Sued Badillo, Jalil; López Canto, Angel (1986), Puerto Rico Negro.
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Tracing African Roots 