Anglo-Caribbean Results

On this page I will attempt to provide some analysis for the West Indian AncestryDNA results which have kindly been shared with me or which I found on public websites. Due to limited sample size I will mainly discuss the results from Belize, Guyana, Trinidad and a few other islands in the English speaking West Indies (a.k.a. Anglo-Caribbean). Not per se representative of course but already very insightful in themselves. If you want to skip the discussion just scroll to the bottom of the page to see a selection of the West Indian AncestryDNA results. I will restrict myself to the African part of their Ethnicity Estimates as this is in line with the theme of this blog. In order to enable easy comparison I have scaled the African breakdown to 100% for all. Leaving aside any non-African admixture. For more details on my research methodology see the front page of this AncestryDNA section. Follow this link for an overview of all the Anglo-Caribbean results:

Spreadsheet with Anglo-Caribbean results

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UPDATE 19-11-2019: this article was first published on 19 Oct. 2015, when I had only 29 West Indian AncestryDNA results available for my analysis (see this link). Mainly from Jamaica actually (n=19). As my survey has been ongoing I have managed to collect a sample group which is now much greater. Which is why I have decided to split-off the Jamaican survey group (n=100). While this page will eventually be re-written based on the remaining results from the Anglo-Caribbean.

Please keep in mind that AncestryDNA’s ethnicity estimates have been updated several times now! On this page I am dealing exclusively with AncestryDNA version 2 which was current between September 2013 and September 2018. All matters being discussed on this page are therefore not pertaining to updated results (2018-2019). In my opinion especially version 3 (Sept 2018 – Oct. 2019) has been a downgrade rather than providing any meaningful improvement when wanting to learn more about one’s African origins (see this blogseries). Which is why I have discontinued my AncestryDNA survey. The update which is currently rolled out will be reviewed at a later time.

Follow the link below for a blogpost which offers my most recent detailed analysis of Jamaican genetics. In the first place with regards to the African regional roots of Jamaicans. But in addition I will also cover the Amerindian, Asian and European admixture scores being reported for Jamaicans on Ancestry. As well as variation in African admixture in general. With a special focus on substructure.

• 100 Jamaican AncestryDNA Results (2013-2018)

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Summary of Findings

Table 1 (click to enlarge)

This overview shows my Anglo-Caribbean AncestryDNA survey findings (2013-2018). The data has been sorted on highest to lowest score for “Ivory Coast/Ghana”. The sample size for Jamaica (n=100) is of course not really rivaled by any of my other West Indian survey groups. Still already quite insightful for understanding how Jamaican genetics might relate to neighbouring populations in the wider English speaking Caribbean.

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Anglo Caribbean Results

As far as I know and was able to verify all of these screenshots below are from persons with 4 Anglo-Caribbean-born grandparents from the same indicated nationality. Meant to illustrate the individual variation among West Indians in the first place. Despite the limited sample size these results might still also be quite representative while a few of them could even show distinct patterns for their nationality. I like to thank again all the persons who kindly agreed to share their results with me!

For more information on what type of ethnic origins could possibly be implied by these regional breakdowns, see also this overview of charts based on West Indian slave registers etc.

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Belizean Results

Showcasing a diversity of main regions but mostly Lower Guinean ones just like Jamaicans. A signature feature of their breakdown also being a noticeable percentage of Amerindian origins.  Especially for the first set of results who are Garifuna, while all the other ones are Belizean Kriol, many of them however with partial Garifuna lineage.

The rather wideranging regional origins as shown for the Garifuna results are very intriguing given what you might expect about their African origins being more regionally restricted and bottlenecked. These are obviously still only individual results. Only a more numerous sample size might allow for a more generalized statement about Garifuna’s main origins within Africa. I have also included a few results from persons who strictly speaking are not Belizean but rather with family origins from neighbouring Guatemala or Honduras. Understandably so as the Garifuna are a bordercrossing ethnic group with a longstanding and admirable history of coastal migration. See also this map

• Migration of the Garifuna in the Caribbean.

Garifuna (Belize)

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Garifuna (Belize)

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Garifuna (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras)

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3/4 Garifuna, 1/4 West European (Guatemala, Honduras)

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In line with the previous Garifuna results when it comes to the regional distribution of her African ancestral components. However the appearance of a significant amount of European ancestry already indicates she’s not fully Garifuna. Notice how in the previous Garifuna results European admixture was (nearly) absent. While Native American was obviously reported at significant levels (13-18%). This person in fact has one grandfather who is of fully West European descent. Very interesting therefore how AncestryDNA is correctly estimating her European side to be about 1 quarter (27%). In addition she also shows a Native American (Carib) contribution of 13%.

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Ethnicity Estimates

Africa: 59%

• “Benin/Togo”: 29%
• “Southeastern Bantu”: 15%
• “Nigeria”: 10%
• “Cameroon/Congo”: 2%
• “Mali”: 2%
• “Senegal”: 1%

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This first Kriol result shows one of the highest “Ghana/Ivory Coast” ratio’s i have observed, it’s about 67% (46/68) out of his total African ancestry.

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Kriol

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Kriol

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Kriol

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Kriol & Garifuna

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Kriol & Garifuna

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Kriol & Garifuna

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Kriol & Garifuna

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Guyanese Results

For more information on what type of ethnic origins could possibly be implied by these regional breakdowns, see also “Guyanese Slave Census of 1819 , less specified but still representative?” .

The first result showing a highly concentrated regional breakdown for the top 2, almost 80% (77/97) out of his total African ancestry.  With “Ivory Coast/Ghana” firmly in the top spot just like most of the results shown below.

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A truly sensational result shown below. It features by far the highest amount for one single African region i have observed. Perhaps not surprising it should be “Ivory Coast/Ghana’, eventhough i imagine there might also be Guyanese who will score exceptionally high for “Cameroon/Congo”. In my survey of AncestryDNA results across the Afro-Diaspora i found that it’s very uncommon for Afro-descendants to score an African amount of >50% for just one region (11/707=1,5%). This person not only accomplishes that rare feat but at the same also is of 100% African descent! Tracing back to Africa might be more easy therefore. Quite likely because of relatively recent lineage from Africa which meant less generational blending into the Guyanese melting pot. Guyana received socalled African contract labourers (really liberated captives) up till the mid 1800’s. Many of them by way of Sierra Leone.In fact eventhough the odds are very high that this person in fact is of predominant Ghanaian or Ivorian descent, there could still also (in part) be Liberian or even Sierra Leonean origins included in the 75% socalled “Ivory Coast/Ghana”.

• African immigrants: They arrived too

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Aside from the impressive “Ivory Coast/Ghana” score also a very noticeable “Southeastern Bantu” percentage.

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A rather balanced breakdown, still featuring “Ivory Coast/Ghana” in first place. But also the combined Upper Guinean score (“Senegal”+ “Mali”) is significant.

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A little bit over a half of this person’s African origins are from the “Ivory Coast/Ghana” region. Most likely indicative of Kromanti roots, eventhough other options still also remain possible (Liberia).

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Yet again a relatively high “Ivory Coast/Ghana” score in the result below. It’s exactly half of the African breakdown (13/26).

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“Ivory Coast/Ghana” is still showing up strongly in the result below but no longer in first place. As surely a bigger sample size will demonstrate Guyanese also receive other top ranking regions in their AncestryDNA results. In this case it is “Cameroon/Congo”. And in fact especially Congolese presence has been extensively documented in Guyana.

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Aside from the high “Nigeria” also a very noticeable “Mali’ score.This is what the person tested had to say herself. Interesting remarks.

“My parents came from the countryside of Guyana.  […] Like most Caribbeans, they are very informed on their European and Aborginal Indian ancestry. Yet, no one knows their African lineage.” 

“my Ancestry.com DNA results surprised me in part. I know Guyana had a large West African population during the 17th-19th centuries and our culture is infused with Nigerian and Ghanaian traditions, but I never heard about Malian culture being integrated” (Read more via this link).

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Trinidadian Results

For more information on what type of ethnic origins could possibly be implied by these regional breakdowns, see also “Trinidad’s Slave Census of 1813 – Representative of African Ethnic Origins?”.

An exceptionally high preservation of just 1 specific African regional lineage seems to be shown in the first result. As a ratio to total African ancestry it’s above 80% (27/33), something which sometimes doesn’t even occur for AncestryDNA tested Africans themselves! Could somehow be caused by his relatively lower African ancestry or also recombination. Given a confirmed French Caribbean connection in this person’s family tree (as may be the case for many other Trinidadians as well, see blogpost above) the possibility of this “Benin/Togo” score pinpointing origins from within Benin’s borders might be greater than for people who are of strictly Anglo-Caribbean origins because of different French slave trade patterns with a higher continued focus on the Bight of Benin.

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A more balanced African breakdown for this person who also otherwise shows a very blended ancestral composition, incl. South Asian, a typical combination for many Trinidadians. But in fact also Amerindian, East Asian and European origins are present in addition.

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This result below shows a higher degree of total African ancestry than the previous ones. The high score of “Benin/Togo” is again striking. Also it seems her African roots are largely confined to the socalled Lower Guinea area, as the percentages for “Senegal”, “Mali” and “Southeastern Bantu” are minimal and only appearing as Trace regions.

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These results belong to a person who’s mostly (75%) Trinidadian but also partially of Grenadian descent. The top 2 combination of “Benin/Togo” plus “Ivory Coast/Ghana” is clearly predominant (45/69). Also noteworthy that despite having a significant degree of non-African ancestry, practically none of it is European.

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West Indian Results

Bahamas

Because of their geographical location, nearby Florida and South Carolina, the Bahamas might have received a somewhat different proportional mix of African captives than the other English speaking West Indies. Judging from the Slave Voyages Database (see also this screenshot) this could indeed be true even if intercolonial voyages are not included. Still the breakdown shown below seems fairly standard also for other parts of the West Indies, highlighting the inevitable overlap between individuals. We will need more Bahamain results to establish any distinctive patterns.

The 1% Native American being shown in this Bahaman’s results might strictly speaking not be part of his African legacy and is obviously a very minor percentage. But it could still provide a valuable clue in tracing some of his African descended ancestors and their experieces in the Americas! It’s only at trace level but might possibly be related to the greatly inspiring history of the socalled Black Seminoles, who originated in South Carolina & Georgia, being direct kin of the Gullah. Because of their yearning for freedom they first ran away to Florida. Subsequently they also escaped to Texas, Mexico and Oklahoma, but intriguingly a small subgroup also fled to the Bahamas! For more information follow these links:

• Black Seminoles in the Bahamas: the Red Bays Story TRAILER
• Ethnic Origins of South Carolina Runaway Slaves

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Bahamas

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Barbados

Quite representative of the 4 main regional lineages for Barbadians as well as most other Anglo-Caribbeans. With significant additional “Southeastern Bantu”. Interestingly no African Trace Regions being reported.

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Possibly even more representative results given Barbados’s documented African origins. In fact the most outstanding aspect of this breakdown is rather the 4% Native American. This seems like a highly atypical outcome for Barbados and also most other parts of the Anglo-Caribbean. From what i have observed sofar Amerindian origins usually not being reported at all or just barely so (<1%). Not that surprising given the lamentable fate of the native populations throughout most of the West Indies. However this individual case seems to testify otherwise. Quite likely it’s more reflective of a unique family lineage rather than something that’s widely dispersed.

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Barbados & Grenada

Balanced breakdown on the African side. Especially the top 3 is very evenly divided. Also noticeable how the minor 5% European is identified as strictly “Great Britain”. From what i have seen sofar such predominant British scores occur more frequently for Anglo-Caribbeans than African-Americans who often also tend to receive other North/West European regions in addition to just “Great Britain” or “Ireland”. Although also for them probably these last two regions are obtained most frequently on their European side.

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Barbados & Jamaica

An impressive 50+% share for the “Ivory Coast/Ghana” region.Such a predominant score for just one single African region is quite exceptional. In my survey of 707 AncestryDNA results across the Afro-Diaspora i only observed this for 11 persons! Four of those persons being Jamaicans, for whom this type of breakdown seems more common. Appropriately this person is herself of half Jamaican descent. Actually her Jamaican father’s result can be seen in the beginning of this section. He scored 100% African and 33% “Ivory Coast/Ghana”. Still her heavy pull towards most likely Ghanaian origins might just as well be a genetic inheritance by way of her Barbadian mother. Afterall also Bajans are known to have a strong Ghanaian heritage.

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Dominica

Again an impressive “Benin/Togo” score even more so because this person is virtually of 100% African background. Because Dominica has a history involving French rule and also French slave importations again the chances of “genuine” origins from Benin might be deemed higher than for persons of a strictly Anglo-Caribbean background (with no significant history of other European settlers). See also this previous blogpost:  St. Lucia Slave Census of 1815 , reflecting English or French Slave Trade Patterns?

However there’s no way to know for sure right now. It could be that this 50% is covering several family lineages all at the same time. Afterall it’s not one of this person’s parents who’s from Benin/Togo but rather the 50% score  should be reflective of a greater number of ancestors, mostly from the 1700’s who all carried these “Benin/Togo” markers in their DNA. It could very well be that the majority of these ancestors would have ethnic background from within Benin (for example the Fon but maybe also Aja or other Gbe speakers) but perhaps in addition also there’s some minor Yoruba (they also score “Benin/Togo” %’s when doing the AncestryDNA test) and maybe even there’s some minor Ghanaian (from a non-Akan speaking ethnic group like the Ewe) all included in the 50% “Benin/Togo”.

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Grenada

Grenada

Montserrat

Quite diverse but evenly balanced results, also with notable “Southeastern Bantu”. Very interestingly this person also has been matched on 23andme with no less than 3 DNA cousins from Africa! They are from: Sierra Leone (Krio/Mende), Liberia (Grebo, Kru and Americo-Liberian) and Benin (Fon/Egun). It’s a bit tricky to place the Sierra Leonean and Liberian matches in this regional breakdown as they are themselves likely to be regionally mixed. However i’ve seen one Liberian take the AncestryDNA test and he scored mostly (81%) “Ivory Coast/Ghana” (see “African results“). The match from Benin however definitely adds an extra underlining and confirmation for the 20% “Benin/Togo” score!

It’s regrettable that no ethnic origins were recorded for the Slave Register of Montserrat in the early 1800’s. However much like other early settled plantation colonies in the Anglo-Caribbean, such as Barbados, Antigua and St. Kitts, it might be assumed that most people in Montserrat would have been locally born already by this time and perhaps even multigenerationally so. See also :

• St. Kitts & Anguilla Slave Census, least informative of African roots?
• Antigua’s African Origins According To Moravian Church Records

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Montserrat

St. Vincent

Again a diverse breakdown including no less than 6 Main Regions and leaving only 1% for Trace Regions. Interestingly “Mali” is showing up as number 1 region, probably atypical but showcasing that in individual cases Upper Guinean ancestry might be less diluted than it seems to be on average. This socalled “Mali” region is however not easily interpreted. It could be pinpointing origins from within Mali’s borders, but that country is said to be one of the most admixed among the 9 African AncestryDNA regions. Also in the Anglo-Caribbean Slave registers there are relatively few references being made to distinctly Malian ethnic groups, specifically the “Bambara”. Other ancestral options could therefore possibly be: Guinea Conakry, Sierra Leone and even the Gur-speaking northern parts of Ghana/Togo/Benin and Burkina Faso itself.

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Youtube Videos

BAHAMAS

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BELIZE (Garifuna)

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GRENADA

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GUYANA

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GUYANA

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GUYANA

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TRINIDAD

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Jamaican results

Follow the link below for a blogpost which offers my most recent detailed analysis of Jamaican genetics. In the first place with regards to the African regional roots of Jamaicans. But in addition I will also cover the Amerindian, Asian and European admixture scores being reported for Jamaicans on Ancestry. As well as variation in African admixture in general. With a special focus on substructure.

• 100 Jamaican AncestryDNA Results (2013-2018)

High “Ivory Coast/Ghana”

Especially the first 3 results are showing an impressive & predominant (>50%) proportion of most likely Ghanaian ancestry. Even when also Liberian ancestry could be picked up by this region (see African results). The combined top 2 score of the first result is also very high, it’s about 90% of his total African ancestry (87/94), while for Jamaicans on average this combined top 2 score would be nearly 70% and for African Americans and Haitians about 60% (see this chart). Indicating his African origins are much less regionally mixed than what’s average for Afro-Diasporeans. Something which seems to typify other Jamaican results as well even when not to this exceptionally high degree.

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This second screenshot looks very similar to the one above with the exact same amount of 53% “Ivory Coast/Ghana”.  One difference being that “Nigeria” is combined with “Cameroon/Congo” this time. However actually all of it could still be from the wider Bight of Biafra hinterland, as also Igbo’s show substantial “Cameroon/Congo” in their breakdown.

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This nearly 100% African breakdown is showing a combination of “Ivory Coast/Ghana” with “Benin/Togo” instead. In spite of the labeling i suppose (non-Akan) Ghanaian origins could also be captured (in part) by that latter region, which would increase the overall predominance of most likely Ghanaian roots for this person. The trace regions seem to be very typical of the least significant regions for Jamaicans. Even when for individuals there might still be variation.

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Two results with “Ivory Coast/Ghana” amounts in between 40-50%. which is still very impressive. Also interesting how the minor South Asian admixture is more significant than any trace amounts of European origins for both. The 5% “Asia South” seen below is most likely corrsponding with the expected genetic inheritance of one single greatgreat grandparent from India (6,25%).

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A striking regional contribution from “Ivory Coast/Ghana”. Not only because it’s in the 40’s range. But even more so given the relatively lower total African amount. Seen as a fraction of only the African breakdown it’s almost 2/3 (44/67=65%). The highest such ratio i have observed thusfar. Also noteworthy btw how the non-African admixture is almost wholly Asian and includes just a trace region of less than 1% European. The 3% socalled “Melanesia” is very likely to be derived from the South Asian ancestors of this person. See also:

• Admixture Analysis Isn’t Wrong, It Misleads
• My Family Is West Indian. How Did I Get Melanesian DNA?

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Aside from prominent “Ivory Coast/Ghana” scores also “Nigeria” is usually showing up with rather high percentages as well in the remaing screenshots below. Two of the results also showing a noteworthy 100% African score.

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These results below also show “Ivory Coast/Ghana” firmly as number 1 region but otherwise it’s a very balanced and diverse breakdown. The 18% “Southeastern Bantu” seems to be remarkably high for Jamaican standards (as observed sofar it’s the highest score). It might very well be connected to either Angolan or interior Congolese origins.

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This result shows a lower total African amount but still the “Ivory Coast/Ghana” contribution is subtantial (23/53=43% of the African breakdown). Interestingly also the combined top 2 with “Cameroon/Congo” is very predominant (44/53=83%).

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High “Benin/Togo”

The first result seems to show an uniquely preserved lineage from just one African region, labeled “Benin/Togo” by Ancestry.com. It’s 78% (32/41) out of his total African ancestry. One of the highest regional ratio’s i’ve seen. Perhaps also to do with a relatively higher level of non-African ancestry and recombination but still very impressive. For possible interpretations of this region see discussion above as well as this page.

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An extraordinary amount of “Benin/Togo” being shown below. The highest i have seen not only for Jamaicans but also among Haitians!  Illustrating the regional overlap across the Diaspora. However the actual ethnic origins which gave rise to this score may very well be different. All things being the same the chances of the average Haitian having ancestral connections to a genuine Beninese ethnic group (or groups) are probably greater than for the average Jamaican. Ancestral ties with non-Akan speaking Ghanaians and southern Nigerian connections being more likely for Jamaicans. However in individual cases all scenario’s might apply.

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High “Nigeria”

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This Jamaican’s breakdown could very well have been the breakdown of an African American person. It shows the four main regions showing up most frequently for both African Americans and Jamaicans. With a slight edge for “Nigeria” as is often also the case for Americans. Also the total amount of African is very similar to the African American average i observed for 350 persons (see African American AncestryDNA results). Obviously the minor European share consisting mostly of Great Britain is in line as well.

It goes to show the great degree of genetic similarity between Anglo Caribbeans and African Americans. From what i’ve seen sofar and allowance being made for individual variation, i would say distinctive African American breakdowns often feature a higher amount of either “Senegal”, Southeastern Bantu” or “Mali” when compared with West Indian results. Especially for people with higher than average amounts of African ancestry. Also minor Amerindian %’s will be more likely to occur among African Americans (even when usually 50%), highlighting their more regionally concentrated African origins. But besides these more “distinctive” (but not per se most frequently seen) results there will be many overlapping results such as this one.

As an interesting sidenote this person also tested his maternal haplogroup with AfricanAncestry and was found to match Tikar samples from Cameroon. The Tikar have also been reported as haplogroup matches for many African Americans taking the same test.

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“Nigeria” and “Cameroon/Congo” are shown as having the same share, however it could very well be that a part of the “Cameroon/Congo” markers were actually inherited from Igbo or otherwise southeastern Nigerian ancestors.  Also a substantial proportion of “Mali” in this breakdown.

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The person below shows a high relative contribution of “Nigeria”: 55% (25/45) of his African breakdown. Possibly also because the total amount of Africn ancestry is relatively low when compared with the average amount for Jamaicans. But still impressive. Also the amount of “Ivory Coast/Ghana” is noticeable.

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A more regionally balanced breakdown shown below, even when “Nigeria” and Ivory Coast/Ghana” still predominate. Also notice the 13% South Asian which corresponds very well with the expected genetic contribution of 1 greatgrandparent from India (12,5%).

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Considerable “Nigerian” score given the relatively lower total African amount. Also interesting how these results show 2% Native American. Sofar (n=51) i have not seen similar scores for other Jamaicans who almost always show zero% or at most <1%. Based on that finding it seems that almost all local Arawak bloodlines have been diluted to near genetic extinction. However not so for this person whose parents are both fully Jamaican. Naturally i do not have confirmation about her greatparents or beyond. But the European breakdown, heavily dominated by Great Britain, seems to rule out any recent Hispanic family line which might have introduced the 2% Native American. Instead it might still be indigenous to Jamaica, even when strictly speaking not only Arawak but also other types of Amerindian might be hinted at. It is documented not only for Jamaica but also other West Indian islands that Native American captives were  brought over from the mainland, both North and Central America, mostly during the late 1600’s and early 1700’s. And even at times Amerindian mixed people might have volutarily  settled in Jamaica during the colonial era, specifically the Miskito.

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High “Cameroon/Congo”

Even when relatively speaking Jamaicans might have a lower amount of Central African ancestry than other parts of the Afro-Diaspora, these results below prove that this is not always the case. “Cameroon/Congo” is clearly the biggest region being shown and makes up almost half of the African breakdown (42/95) for the first result. Technically speaking also Bight of Biafra connections might be suggested but given the minimal amount of “Nigeria” this seems less likely.

It’s interesting to note that i have seen both Haitian and African Americans with quite similar results. Both in regards to their total African amount being >90%, and their “Cameroon/Congo” being >40%. In fact even the remaining parts of their composition were not really distinct for any nationality, showing the great deal of shared regional origins within Africa across the Diaspora, at times also proportionally speaking. The trace amounts of “Senegal” and “Southeastern Bantu” and absence of any Native American do make this result appear typically Jamaican, but again not uniquely so.

I don’t know the precise family origins of this person, but some Jamaican parishes are known to have rather recent connections to Central Africa because of the socalled Congo contract labourers and their Kumina legacy. See for example these articles:

• The ‘Re-communalization’ of a Jamaican Kumina Drum
• Kumina in Jamaica

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Another result with a very pronounced “Cameroon/Congo” score. Even moreso because this person is of 100% African descent! Sofar i have seen 6 Jamaicans who scored 100% African (see this link for the most recent overview). Interestingly three of them had “Cameroon/Congo” as number 1 region. Now obviously these observations are still very limited in number. However it might suggest that for these persons especially their Central African origins are relatively recent. Possibly also to be connected with Congolese contract labourers who arrived on Jamaica in the mid 1800’s after slavery had been abolished.

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Yet again a 100% fully African descended Jamaican with “Cameroon/Congo” being the topregion. This time however a Bight of Biafra connection (Cameroon, eastern Nigeria) might be hinted at instead of a Central African one. That is judging from the considerable “Nigeria” score seen in addition and the minimal “Southeastern Bantu” percentage. In fact even the “Benin/Togo” score might have been inherited from  Nigerian (southern) ancestors as this region is also frequently reported for them. See also:

• Nigerian AncestryDNA results

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High “Mali”

A very exceptional score is obtained for the person below. Even with a rather low total amount of African ancestry the “Mali” percentage of 42% is the highest i have seen among literally hundreds of AncestryDNA results for Afro-Descendants as well as dozens of AncestryDNA results for Africans! Such a predominance for a single region (42/52=80% of total African), is also very rare from what i’ve observed sofar. Ironically even for the socalled “typical native”, the 16 Malian samples used by AncestryDNA, only an average of 39% “Mali” was found! (see also AncestryDNA regions).

As mentioned earlier the socalled “Mali” region is not restricted to pinpointing origins from within Mali’s borders; also neighbouring countries could be involved, incl. Burkina Faso. It will be very fascinating to see where this person’s African DNA cousins might be hailing from.

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